L’iconografia della Natività

Uno sguardo sui cambiamenti intervenuti nel corso dei secoli. 

[ Museo Diocesano Tridentino]

La nascita di Gesù a Betlemme, l'annuncio ai pastori e l'adorazione dei Magi sono tra i temi più amati e ricorrenti nell'arte cristiana.

A differenza di altri episodi della storia sacra, tuttavia, la rappresentazione della nascita di Cristo ha conosciuto nei secoli sensibili mutamenti: dalle Natività più arcaiche alle affollate scene barocche, l’iconografia del Natale si è via via arricchita di particolari, simboli e personaggi.

Nel tempo, inoltre, sono cambiate le ambientazioni, la posizione e i rapporti tra i principali protagonisti, i gesti compiuti dai personaggi: un’evoluzione che è andata di pari passo con i mutamenti culturali, teologici e artistici delle varie epoche.

Dettagli a parte, le strutture portanti del racconto del Natale attingono a fonti letterarie precise: oltre alle scarne informazioni fornite dagli evangelisti Matteo (2,1-12) e Luca (2,1-20), episodi quali la Natività, l’Adorazione dei pastori e l’Adorazione dei Magi si basano su particolari tratti dai Vangeli Apocrifi, testi non riconosciuti dalla Chiesa come ispirati (ed espunti dai libri canonici già nell’865), ma ampiamente conosciuti e utilizzati come canovaccio per l’arte sacra.

Alla letteratura apocrifa si devono alcuni dettagli universalmente diffusi, ma che non trovano menzione in nessuno dei Vangeli canonici: l’asino e il bue, il riferimento alla grotta, il numero e le caratteristiche dei magi. Oltre agli apocrifi, il racconto degli evangelisti fu integrato da testi di epoca medievale quali la Legenda Aurea di Jacopo da Varazze, le Meditazioni sulla vita di Cristo dello Pseudo-Bonaventura (entrambi del XIII secolo), la Storia dei Tre Re di Giovanni da Hildesheim (XIV secolo) e le Celesti Rivelazioni di Santa Brigida di Svezia, una mistica svedese morta nel 1373. Nelle sale del Museo Diocesano Tridentino, attraverso opere di differente tipologia, epoca, autore, è possibile ripercorrere le principali ‘tappe’ di questo lungo e affascinante viaggio nella storia e nell’arte.

Lorenza Liandru - curatrice Museo diocesano tridentino

04/12/2014

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