Oblio e identità

There's no memory you can wrap in camphor / but the moths will get in. Non c'è nessuna memoria che tu possa avvolgere in naftalina: ma le tarme ci entreranno (T.S.Eliot, The Cocktail Party, London 1969)

Oblio e memoria, cultura e identità: un intricato, indissolubile intreccio che, impalpabile e fluttuante, segna nel profondo il singolo individuo e le comunità. La memoria culturale è la base del vivere sociale, fondato ancestralmente sul ricordo ed evocazione degli antenati e del Passato. Attraverso la condivisione di tradizione, storia e memoria si definiscono regole, valori e senso di appartenenza. In effetti, quanto ricordiamo e dimentichiamo a livello collettivo alimenta i vincoli sociali e l’identità, termine sfuggente che, al pari dell’espressione “civiltà”, richiede un approccio scientifico, scevro da condizionamenti politici e ideologici. Nel rapporto con il Passato, con le sue espressioni materiali e immateriali caricate di valenze simboliche, il contrasto fra memoria e oblio traccia quanto assurge a patrimonio comune. Come “arche” di salvezza, musei e archivi proiettano verso il futuro queste testimonianze antologiche del Passato. Il sogno è quello dell’eternità, di sconfiggere l’oblio della morte, così come in antico ci si affidava ai poeti e ai monumenti per perpetuare fama e gloria dei “migliori”.

Nell’opposizione fra memoria e oblio, oltre a dimensioni positive, si annidano impressionanti potenziali distruttivi. L’identità in chiave strumentale, come costruzione mito storica, è utilizzata nei confronti “dell’altro” in senso oppositivo e aggressivo. La Storia e la cronaca ce lo insegnano. Le pulizie etniche, dall’Armenia, all’Olocausto, al Ruanda, al Kossovo, sono l’esito disastroso di furie identitarie che, per legittimarsi, fanno spesso ricorso a una “storia” distorta o inventata.

La cupio dissolvi si annida nell’intolleranza del totalitarismo e del fondamentalismo che aspirano a stabilire un “anno zero”, a discapito di un nemico da cancellare. La damnatio memoriae non è finita con l'abbattimento delle icone degli imperatori romani caduti in disgrazia, ma continua a perpetrarsi, dalle statue del duce, di Lenin e di Saddam, ai roghi dei libri, ai Budda fatti esplodere dai Talebani, alle distruzioni di Mosul e Nimrud.

Custodire e tramandare il patrimonio culturale, coltivare con libertà di giudizio e di pensiero la Memoria e la Storia, rappresentano i baluardi della Civiltà.

Franco Marzatico - Dipartimento cultura Provincia Autonoma di Trento

15/04/2015

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