La cultura del vino

Il vino nel mondo antico segna le linee di frontiera fra cultura e incultura, tra civiltà e barbarie

La vite e il vino con le complesse implicazioni di ordine economico, sociale e culturale, negli studi antichità assumono un’importanza determinante, comprovata da un continuo aggiornamento di ricerche e studi, sostenuto anche dai rapidi progressi nel campo delle analisi scientifiche.

In effetti, produzione e consumo del vino investono, oltre alla sfera concreta della sussistenza, le dimensioni complesse dell’ideologia.

Questi profondi risvolti, non sempre compiutamente decifrabili, si manifestano in fonti scritte, a partire da Omero, sia in evidenze archeologiche,in particolare nelle caratteristiche di contenitori e servizi potori, così come in rappresentazioni iconografiche.

Il vino è del resto protagonista centrale nei contesti sociali “ritualizzati” del banchetto e del simposio, come pure in sacrifici e offerte in senso religioso in direzione di entità sovrannaturali e di fronte al passaggio dalla vita alla morte,in cerimonie funebri. Nell’universo dionisiaco, dove culto e festa si compenetrano, la bevanda alcolica – dono divino – assume connotazioni anche in rapporto ai cicli della fecondità, alla rigenerazione e, grazie al suo potere inebriante, all’estati mistica.

Il “bere insieme” nelle diverse occasioni cerimoniali di natura civile, religiosa, diplomatica e militare, determina un’attenta selezione dei luoghi considerati adeguati dal punto di vista della cornice ambientale o architettonica e l’adozione di specifici elementi di arredo e di consumo, a seconda delle culture e fasi cronologiche.

Pur tenendo conto delle diverse tipologie e occasioni conviviali che si affermano, con regole soggette a variazione nel tempo e nello spazio, in ambito greco, etrusco e romano il consumo del vino al di fuori della quotidianità si pone come discriminante sul piano dell’appartenenza sociale, fra inclusione ed esclusione alle pratiche elitarie del banchetto e del simposio, letteralmente “la bevuta insieme”.

Queste consuetudini sociali rappresentano infatti prerogative dello stile di vita dei ceti elevati, condiviso da gruppi privilegiati accomunati da ideali, valori culturali e spesso anche concezioni politiche e filosofiche. Il vino si configura come componente essenziale in agoni poetici, nelle capacità oratorie, in intrattenimenti musicali, ludici ed erotici. Accomunando in uno stato di ebbrezza socialmente accettabile, consolida o mette alla prova comportamenti, sentimenti di amicizia e lealtà, permettendo anche di rinsaldare o stringere rapporti di alleanza

Franco Marzatico - direttore della Soprintendenza per i beni culturali

11/05/2016

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